Legal Defenses free essay sample

In the event that sensible power us utilized against an Individual and there is a danger of inescapable odily mischief or demise, and the individual safeguards themselves, that individual might be absolved of first-degree murder. To contend immaculate self-preservation, and have it bring about a full vindication the danger must be grave and the power utilized accordingly should be sensible. With a contention of defective self-protection it won't bring about a total acqulttal, out most 11Kely a lesser cnarge sucn as manslaugnter. In tne instance of flawed self-protection, the guilty party utilizes more power than is important to diffuse the danger, for example, if the power was important to safeguard themselves however utilizing deadly power was a bit much. At the point when an individual argues not blameworthy by reason of craziness, the protection is contending that the respondent has a psychological deformity that makes them unequipped for framing the plan that is required to demonstrate first-degree planned homicide. We will compose a custom paper test on Lawful Defenses or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Each state has various guidelines with regards to setting up a madness resistance, and they look at whether the litigant comprehends that nature of their lead at the time the offense was submitted. The latter is incitement which isn't regularly utilized as a total protection yet can likewise lessen a first-degree murder accusation down to a homicide conviction. Incitement utilizes the contention that the litigant was incited and lost control and acted seemingly out of the blue which sabotages evidence of purpose.

Negotiating Meaning and Power Resistance Relations †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Negotiating Meaning and Power Resistance Relations. Answer: Presentation Samsung is the South Korean business aggregate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. Lee Byung-chul established the association in the year 1938. Samsung bunch has differentiated specialty units and have wandered in divisions like food handling, protection, retail and protections and materials. Samsung wandered into electronic industry in the late 1960s and has globalized its activities from that point forward in different nations over the globe (samsung.com/in/2017). The principle wellspring of pay for Samsung has been from cell phone and semi-conductors. Any business association ought to submit to certain business morals like after exacting arrangements and practices to stay away from possibly disputable issues which can unfavorably influence the interests of the partners of business association and can discolor the notoriety of the business over the long haul. A few instances of such questionable issues are identified with corporate administration, work misuse, insider exchanging, pay off, segregation, and issues identified with Corporate Social Responsibilities of the business association. In this period of globalization, the business condition has gotten exceptionally serious and unpredictable (Robbins and Judge 2013). A business association centers around consistent development and advancement to accomplish superior and to support high rivalry of the commercial center. Be that as it may, the sole reason for business association ought not just spotlight on making an incentive for investors and focus on productivity, however to likewise concentrate on making long haul an incentive for its partners. The partners of a business incorporate the administration, providers, investors and speculators, society, representatives and clients. Samsung Electronics engaged in debates identified with misuse of youthful specialists in China. One of the biggest advanced mobile phone creator and cell phone producers of the world, Samsung Electronics engaged in moral issues as of late. Associations like Samsung re-appropriate their assembling offices in creating nations like China to cut work cost. Globalization has furnished with the essential law and framework for this sort of redistributing exercises which are directed by numerous worldwide associations over the world. Along these lines, the representatives working in creating countries assume a critical job in guaranteeing that the worldwide associations like Samsung can keep up a solid, hearty and consistent progression of the gracefully chain exercises. The workforce in the assembling division of worldwide associations like Samsung is a significant partner of business. The workforce in creating countries like China frequently includes youthful specialists who are compelled to stay at work longer than required for a small measure of cash which empowers associations lik e Samsung to accomplish cost advantage. Fusing moral practices are of vital significance for an association (Ford and Richardson 2013). Chinese extremist Li Quang set up a New York based association called the China Labor Watchdog in 2000. This association explored six Samsung-claimed producing plants and two assembling offices possessed by providers of Samsung. Eight plants in China were researched which created cell phones, printers, home apparatuses, versatile presentations, DVD players, TV parts and media players. The staffs of the assembling plants in China included in excess of 24,000 specialists. During the examination it was discovered that the youthful specialists were not permitted to sit during shift timings and were exposed to poor work conditions. Samsung Electronics was blamed for misusing youthful laborers in China. These representatives of Samsung were truly and obnoxiously manhandled and they had to work for over 100 hours of extra time each month. Samsung didn't fo llow wellbeing measures in assembling plants and laborers were not given defensive attire to deal with dangerous exercises in the assembling plants. HEG gadgets which was a provider of Samsung was supposedly utilizing youngster work. In China it is illicit to recruit representatives younger than 16 however it is legitimate to enlist workers in the age section of 16 to 18 years. It has been uncovered by China Labor Watch that Samsung utilized this legitimate preferred position and employed specialists younger than 18 in lion's share of its manufacturing plants. It was asserted that the administration of The SEHZ (Huizhou Samsung Electronics Co) changed the name on the ID card of the youngster and laborers could enter processing plants with counterfeit character cards. Comparative claims were made against SSKMT (Shenzhen Samsung Kejian Mobile Telecommunication Technology). SEHZ had 10, 000 specialists and Samsung had 90 % stake in it. Samsung claimed 60 % stake of SSKMT. Tianjin Intop s and Tianjin Chaarmtech Electronics were providers of Samsung who were asserted to pay laborers so less that they were powers to stay at work past 40 hours. Laborers were paid pitiful measure of $206 or 1310 renminbi month to month. It has been guaranteed that Samsung was very much aware of the way that underage specialists of China utilized phony character cards to discover business openings. The laborers in assembling offices of China had no medium or channel to communicate their complaints identified with poor work condition or to hold up any gripe to the legitimate system(theguardian.com 2017).This features significant imperfections in the whole employing and oversight process in the assembling units of Samsung in China. SWOT Analysis for Samsung Case Quality Samsung follows moral practices and have been endeavoring to make an authoritative culture that maintains moral direction. Samsung is a worldwide association with a gigantic base of steadfast clients which is obviously anticipated in the expanding request of its electronic items for the situation Samsung has a gifted pool of pioneers and supervisory group (samsung.com/in/2017). Shortcoming Samsung has neglected to break down the interest factors in its worth chain exercises Request isn't offset with work gracefully The procedure and arrangements of Samsung identified with management, enlistment, determination, pay structure in China are defective (theguardian.com 2017). Openings The Chinese work advertise gives colossal chance to Samsung to recruit work at sensible rate to accomplish cost advantage. The Chinese providers help Samsung manufacture an undisrupted Supply Chain the executives framework Dangers The moral issues can discolor the notoriety of the association (Resick et al. 2013). The moral issue of Samsung represents the danger to diminish the Customer Perceived Value (CPV) which can prompt lessening in deals by potential clients, accordingly influencing the gainfulness of the Company. Associations with Theoretical and Empirical Research The job of Organizational Analysis is of central significance to distinguish the shortage of business and to create systems to determine the deficits. Nature of working environment, the faculty and activities of an association and working environment improvement can be checked on by Organizational Analysis. A portion of the models that can be embraced by a Company for hierarchical investigation are SWOT Analysis, Organizational Network Analysis(ONA), Strategic Triangle Model, McKinsey 7s Model, Cognitive and Meta Model(Foss, Husted and Michailova 2010). On account of Samsung the administration of the association neglected to sufficiently examination the interest and gracefully balance in its flexibly chain and worth chain model. The expanding request of electronic items during item dispatch will require an expansion gracefully of labor in assembling offices of Samsung; this was obviously disregarded by the administration of Samsung which prompted poor working conditions and after som e time work. Chiaburu et al. (2011), states that authoritative conduct is the investigation of conduct and character qualities of people and gatherings inside an association like demeanor, interchanges, comprehension and example of contemplations. The moral emergency in Samsung happened in light of the fact that the requirements of the representatives of Samsung in assembling offices of China were not in arrangement with the human asset systems of the association (Miner 2015). Samsung didn't pay any notice to the compensation structure and working states of representatives. Akta?, iek and K?yak (2011), express that territories that influence hierarchical adequacy are authoritative structure and plan, ability the executives, usage and change of progress, improvement of administration and use of shrewd innovation to deal with the HR of an association. On account of Samsung, the moral issue in Samsung plainly mirrors that the association didn't utilize current innovation to oversee HR and this prompted lacking hierarchical viability. The presentation of an association relies upon the jobs of directors and pioneers of the association. Tsai (2011), outlined that authoritative culture, work fulfillment and administration conduct are identified with one another. The hierarchical culture and administration assume a critical job in coordinating the working environment disposition, conduct, relational connections and execution of an association. The nearness of extraordinary pioneers in an association can influence the moral acts of an association, the persuasive degree of the representatives and their profitability. On account of Samsung, the disappointment identified with infringement of work laws can be credited to poor administration of Samsung. The procedures which the human asset the board of Samsung embraced in the recruiting and oversight process in China were not in arrangement with the more extensive vision and statements of purpose of the association. Thomas, Sargent and Hardy (2011), have proposed approaches to oversee change and dynamic procedures in an association. The activities of an association are impacted by power, legislative issues, clashes and dynamic of the pioneers. On account of Samsung, the supervisors neglected to examine a reasonable human asset enlistment system for utilize

Classroom Management and Discipline to Accommodate the Needs of a Research Proposal

Study hall Management and Discipline to Accommodate the Needs of a Diverse Student Population - Research Proposal Example Rather, the changing socioeconomics of understudies expect instructors to take part in constant expert turn of events. The presentation will give a diagram of the structure of the article. Aside from the Introduction, there are three significant pieces of the exposition that expands on the contention that I wish to introduce. The last part is the end, which sums up the focuses I will raise to underscore my contention. The subsequent area will give a similar investigation of significant speculations and philosophical issues in learning and its relationship with homeroom the board. This conversation with then feature viable study hall the executives, explicitly those that limit troublesome practices while advancing learning. This segment will look at the relationship of learning hypotheses and study hall the executives. It will draw out from major philosophical patterns that show in the important writing examining study hall the board. It will address social administration procedures and learning hypotheses. In view of the past conversation, I will introduce what are the contemporary systems and procedures on homeroom the executives. The methodologies will be thought about dependent on the goals that they intend to address. I will at that point talk about the effect of setting in exercise arranging and homeroom the executives. I will talk about the significance of socio-social foundation and legitimize the need to consolidate these variables in the learning condition. I will examine the normal practices to oblige and adjust guidance to the assorted needs of the understudies. This segment will give a basic examination of the issues identifying with tending to the test of showing a different populace. The end will re-present the reason for the article and give a rundown of the issues examined. It will at that point give a complete review on the side of the contention that I wish to

Conversation In The Odyssey By S.Richardson - Free Essay Example

Author Background: The name of the author of the article Conversation in the Odyssey is Scott Richardson. Scott Richardson is a professor of classics. He teaches at the College of Saint Benedict and Saint Johns University in Minnesota. He has a B.A in Classics from Harvard University, an M.A from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature, from Stanford University. Scott Richardsons educational background is a bachelor from Harvard University in 1978, Master of arts from Stanford University in 1980, and a Doctor of Philosophy from Stanford University in 1984. He teaches Latin and Greek and Human Languages and Culture. He is an assistant professor of classics at Saint Johns university and is an associate professor at Saint Johns university. Scott Richardson has interests in writing about the authors Homer, the Greek playwrights, Fyodor Dostoevsky, James Joyce, Dorothy Dunnett, Thomas Pynchon, and the writers of Icelandic sagas. Another work done by Scott Richardson is The Homeric Narrator, a book that he published. He also has written other articles on Homer. He does not have an active twitter or other social media accounts. Scott Richardsons teaching and research interests are Greek and Latin languag e, Greek and Latin literature, European and American literature (especially Scandinavian and British), and narrative theory. Analysis: The thesis statement of the article is the various conversations in the Odyssey. The article is about what is spoken by both parties that is not truly conveyed. The concluding statement that the author makes is that conversation in the Odyssey is a cryptic puzzle, intelligible and rewarding to those who know how to solve it, baffling to those who take it at face value. Summary: One claim that Scott makes is that the bulk of dialogue that is straightforward and honest comes from the mouths of characters who prove in other ways articles: Zeus, Nestor, the servants, and the suitors. The author supports the claim mentioned by stating that Zeus and nestor, the divine and human voices of social and narrative order, stand above the game of saying something in a conversation, and not stating exactly what you mean to say or what you want the person you are having a conversation with understand. Richardson came to that conclusion because a great majority of conversations in the Odyssey featu re indirect address, impolication, hidden, or coded meaning, lying, feigned, ignorance, secrecy, concealment of facts, end expressions of disbelief. In Richardsons article, Conversation in the Odyssey, he makes a second claim. The second claim was that Odysseus, a suspicious man, is the champion of all these kinds of indirection and concealment, the consummate manipulator of language to suit his advantage. He backs up his claim by saying that Nausicaa has the Odyssean instinct when she manipulates her father into giving her mules and a wagon, but she fails to see that Alcinous has seen through her request. This claim is important because in conversation, you have to be good at the game you are trying to play, so that when your conversing, you can mean something other than what you are actually saying without anyone figuring it out. A third claim that Scott Richardson makes in his article is that Penelopes indirect address to the man claiming to be her husband by way of an apparently direct statement to her son and the implication in her bed trick that she has been a faithful wife represent the two most prevalent forms of indirect communication in the Odyssey. Scott Richardson backs up his claim by saying that Penelopes entry in Book 1 marks the first instance of indirect address, which will become almost the norm in conversation with more than two people present . When Penelope berates that bard Phemius for his song about misadventure on the return from Troy, her real targets are the hateful suitors who relish the topic. This claim is important because in conversation, directly telling the other person what you mean is a better way to approach a conversation. A fourth and final claim that Scott Richardson makes is that when the point of ones word is to manipulate the situation to suit ones interests rather than to reveal and communicate, conversation is game and performance. The game of language in the Odyssey can be playful, but the perplex use of speech reflects a treacherous and precarious world in which survival and happiness depends on assuming that appearance is deceiving. Richardson backs up his claim by saying that the straightforwardness is masking a reality that must be deciphered. Those who play the game well listen carefully to what is not stated outright and express what they mean by not actually saying what they mean. This claim is important because when conversing, one can use different words to try to manipulate the other person in the conversation, which makes the conversation tricky to comprehend. Evaluation: I believe that the author of Conversation in the Odyssey, Scott Richardson, did a very good job developing their arguments. I also believe that the author is qualified to write on the subject of the Odyssey because he has a B.A in Classics from Harvard University, an M.A from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature, from Stanford University. I also believe that he is qualified to write on the subject of the Odyssey because he has interests in writing about the authors Homer, and the Greek playwrights, and has other work done by Scott Richardson is The Homeric Narrator, a book that he published, along with other articles on Homer, the author of the Odyssey. I think that Scott Richardson left out a little bit about the game that was played during conversations that he was trying to describe. I am convinced of their argument by the end of the article. A passage that was referenced in the article is, Then, when the wheeling seasons brought the fourth year on, one of her women, in on the queens secret, told the truth and we caught her in the act-unweaving her gorgeous web. So she finished it off. Against her will. We forcer her. This passage was described in Scott Richardsons article as a secret that Atena told Telemachus. When I read the passage while reading the Odyssey, I interpreted it the same way. Scott Richardson really stuck to his argument, and ended up convincing me about his argument at the end of the article. I think that Scott Richardson supported his claim well, compared his examples to other situations, he gave in depth explanations, he talked about individual characters.

Cultural Diversity of Russian Population - 1511 Words

CULTURAL DIVERSITY OF RUSSIAN POPULATION 2 Cross cultural issues arise from differences in values, behavior and thinking between Americans and people from other countries. Misunderstandings frequently result from cultural differences which lead to ineffective communication and implications for the healthcare system (Kaakinen, Gedaly-Duff, Coehlo, amp; Harmon Hansen, 2010). In order to provide a culturally competent care, a health care professional needs to know about the life ways of various cultures and their values and meanings which govern behavior. Population trends within the United States are increasingly†¦show more content†¦Russian people are very family oriented. Key word in Russian family life is ‘dependent’. Both in Russia and the United States, extended family members often live together relaying on each other for financial and emotional support, child care, and completion of household tasks. The male is generally the head of the family. Caring for children and all housework is a women’s Responsibility (Goscilo, amp; Holmgren, 2001). Elderly Russian persons are encouraged to stay CULTURAL DIVERSITY OF RUAAIN POPULATION 4 with their families. They see a residential care as the last option and assess other in-home support programs to prolong independence. Where a residential placement happens, this is due to loss of family members rather than the preference of the person. Leaving home and moving into any other community arrangement is the equivalent to losing their independence. Russians are very demonstrative culture and commonly perceived as being caring, kind and generous. Public physical contact is common among friends. With strangers and new acquaintances Russians prefer to speak and work in public zone. When trust has been established they express feelings freely with gestures, eye contact and compliments. The intimate zone is reserved for spouse, children and healthcare professionals providing care. 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Sports Three New Appointments - 1287 Words

Playtech Sports makes three new senior appointments In the realm of gambling there are few bigger names than Playtech, as they are nothing short of any industry giant. How the brand has managed to stay on top of its game is through the fact that it understands the importance of making smart management appointments. Injecting fresh blood into the leadership of Playtech, three new appointments have been made on the sports betting side of the business. In a move to reinforce the sports betting senior management team, Richard Andrew, Danny Angus, and Eoin Redmond have now all joined the company. In an official statement, Playtech confirmed that Richard Andrew has been appointed Playtech Sports Chief Operating Officer (COO), arriving from The Hong Kong Jockey Club. As a result of Ian Chuter’s departure for Ladbrokes-Coral, Peter Greberg has been promoted to the position of Technical Director and Malmo Division Leader. Finally, Eion Redmond is joining as Playtech Sportsbook Product Director, following his departure from sports betting powerhouse Betfair. Appointments of this level tend to be somewhat of a rarity, so for Playtech to make three is quick succession really does represent quite the event. Speaking about the three appointments and what it will mean for the future of Playtech Sports Mor Weizer (Playtech CEO) said, â€Å"The three appointments we have made align with our strategic vision for Playtech Sports and our Playtech ONE technology of creating a simple and intuitiveShow MoreRelatedOrthopedic And Spine Institute ( Osi )1466 Words   |  6 PagesOrthopedic Spine Institute (OSI) would like to provide residents with a new and convenient option for receiving urgent orthopedic care services. Staffed by a board certified physician and a fellowship trained physician assistant (PA) as well as technicians to handle imaging, casts, and splints. 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Passive Cooling Numerous Revolutionary Articles

Question: Describe about the Passive Cooling for Numerous Revolutionary Articles. Answer: Passive cooling is the 10th chapter written by Norbert Lechnar and this fourth edition published in 2015. The author is Professor Emeritus in the College of Architecture and Construction at Auburn University and also a registered architect in state of Alabama (Lechnar, 2015, p286). There are numerous revolutionary articles have been written by Norbert Lechnar related to sustainability of a building and how does cooling is imperative to maintain the sustainability of the building. Based on the information given in the chapter some valuable conclusion would be withdrawn related to need of cooling in building to maintain the sustainability (Lechnar, 2015, p287). The primary purpose of the report is to illustrate a summary of passive cooling mentioned in the 10th chapter of the book and to understand the need of cooling for the sustainability of buildings. This particular subject provide a valuable insight to how cooling can be carried out within the buildings that will ensure sustainability in terms of mechanical and physical reliability over the time (Lechnar, 2015, p290). The aim behind this analysis is to make civil engineer aware of the necessities and criteria required for cooling within the buildings. A specific introduction of passive cooling of different buildings and the associated factors has been analyzed briefly, followed by a detailed summary that includes the characteristics and properties and criterias required in the buildings for the purpose of cooling (Lechnar, 2015, p301). Finally, it discussed the fundamental details of airflow and ventilation process as well as illustrated the evaporative cooling system critically. This chapter particularly describes the heat avoidance techniques and most importantly, comfort ventilation process could be utilized for humidity control where the humidity of the climate is very high (Lechnar, 2015, p306). The building mass has been cooled with the help of night-flush cooling and most importantly, the passive cooling is feasible in case of dry climates and where the humidity of air is low. Besides this, it also explains the general theorem of air flow within the building that always flows from positive pressure area to negative pressure area (Lechnar, 2015, p311). It begins by stating the heat avoidance techniques of the buildings with the help of minimizing the heat gain of the building. It is also evident from the study that heat avoidance is not quite effective in summer and for this, we need to implement passive cooling strategies (Lechnar, 2015, p314). A brief history of cooling strategies and implementation has been illustrated that provide a positive insight of the effectiveness of passive cooling strategies in different parts of work with the time. The sustainable cooling strategies is comprise of three stages or the three-tier design approach such as Mechanical cooling, passive cooling and heat avoidance respectively (Lechnar, 2015, p316). The section continues with the detailed summary of the passive cooling strategies and techniques for building stress. (Lechnar, 2015, p319), stated that, particularly in hot and dry climates the shading and thermal mass could be maximized but in the mean time the natural ventilation has to increased significantly for better outcome. Here, passive cooling regarded as one of the most innovative modern techniques available for cooling and primarily the natural process are being used in passive cooling techniques but in this context, the author regarded hybrid system of building when large fans and electrical system has been implemented that generate significant amount of energy (Lechnar, 2015, p304). Passive cooling system generally involves five types of cooling system such as cooling with ventilation which consist of two stages comfort cooling and night- flash cooling, Radiant cooling, evaporative cooling that also consist of two stages direct evaporation and indirect evaporation, Earth cooling and dehumidification with a desiccant (Lechnar, 2015, p298). Different principles of air flow have been illustrated effectively that helps in understanding the proper use of ventilation and placement of ventilation corridor to thermal capacity control of the building. The pattern of air flow could be influenced by several factors such as site conditions, window locations, fin falls etc (Lechnar, 2015, p291). In the conclusion, the chapter provides clear and precise idea regarding the advantages of passive cooling that can be provided to the buildings and the effective and suitable techniques of cooling has to be adapted by the civil engineer in order to provide maximum reliability as well as suitability of the buildings (Lechnar, 2015, p309). There are some factors need to be consider while adapting cooling approach of buildings as per the climate condition and humidity. It is imperative to implement the passive cooling techniques as per the space and need of the buildings and particularly in dry climates direct evaporate cooling is more effect than other available process, whereas indirect cooling method is highly effective on the areas of having high humid conditions (Lechnar, 2015, p324). Cooling toward could be more useful for summer ventilation. Heat avoidance provides reliability and sustainability of the building and that is why it is very important particularly for sustainable buildings to enhance the life cycle of the building. Reference Lechnar, N. 2015, Heating, Cooling, Lighting, New Jersey: John Wily and Sons, Inc. 4th edition, pp. 286-324.

Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis free essay sample

At the conclusion of Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen resolves the novel while using particular writing style and technique to reinforce the characters of Elizabeth, Georgiana, and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Elizabeth’s strong-willed character is emphasized when Austen subtly contrasts her against Georgiana’s shy one; she uses Georgiana as a foil character for Elizabeth, and vice versa. Elizabeth’s strong opinions, quick wit, and â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† of conversing with Darcy astonish Georgiana. Austen’s use of the phrase â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† gives the sentence a more vigorous and energetic feel, which reflects the nature of the conversation. Apart from her wit, Elizabeth’s sensibility is also shown with she persuades Darcy to seek reconciliation with his aunt. While several members of her family might have been happy to begrudge Lady de Bourgh, Austen reinforces Elizabeth’s intelligence and sensibility by emphasizing that she has risen above some of the poor behaviour that she has grown up with. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In terms of Georgiana, Austen maintains her character as an innocent and shy girl. She brings up the fact that Georgiana is more than ten years younger than Darcy, and contrasts her somewhat introverted personality with Elizabeth’s strong-willed and confident one. Lastly, her youth and naivete is emphasized when Austen chooses to say she was influenced by Elizabeth’s â€Å"instruction†. In terms of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Austen emphasizes her class-snobbery and haughtiness with her satirical (and quite comedic) choice of words, saying that Elizabeth and her relatives had â€Å"polluted† Pemberley. Her bossiness and need to be in control of everything causes her to write an angry letter to Darcy, since he and Elizabeth ignored her objections. The entire ending can be contrasted to the start of the book, which outlined the unhappy marriage of the Bennets. It seems that Elizabeth, who marries Darcy out of love, will enjoy a much happier marriage than Lydia, who married for passion, as well as Charlotte, who married for financial stability. Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis free essay sample Jane Austen resolves the novel while using particular writing style and technique to reinforce the characters of Elizabeth, Georgiana, and Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Elizabeth’s strong-willed character is emphasized when Austen subtly contrasts her against Georgiana’s shy one; she uses Georgiana as a foil character for Elizabeth, and vice versa. Elizabeth’s strong opinions, quick wit, and â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† of conversing with Darcy astonish Georgiana. Austen’s use of the phrase â€Å"lively, sportive, manner† gives the sentence a more vigorous and energetic feel, which reflects the nature of the conversation. Apart from her wit, Elizabeth’s sensibility is also shown with she persuades Darcy to seek reconciliation with his aunt. While several members of her family might have been happy to begrudge Lady de Bourgh, Austen reinforces Elizabeth’s intelligence and sensibility by emphasizing that she has risen above some of the poor behaviour that she has grown up with. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice Passage Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In terms of Georgiana, Austen maintains her character as an innocent and shy girl. She brings up the fact that Georgiana is more than ten years younger than Darcy, and contrasts her somewhat introverted personality with Elizabeth’s strong-willed and confident one. Lastly, her youth and naivete is emphasized when Austen chooses to say she was influenced by Elizabeth’s â€Å"instruction†. In terms of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Austen emphasizes her class-snobbery and haughtiness with her satirical (and quite comedic) choice of words, saying that Elizabeth and her relatives had â€Å"polluted† Pemberley. Her bossiness and need to be in control of everything causes her to write an angry letter to Darcy, since he and Elizabeth ignored her objections. The entire ending can be contrasted to the start of the book, which outlined the unhappy marriage of the Bennets. It seems that Elizabeth, who marries Darcy out of love, will enjoy a much happier marriage than Lydia, who married for passion, as well as Charlotte, who married for financial stability.

Review Statistic Please Answer The Question Example

Review Statistic Please Answer The Question Example Review Statistic Please Answer The Question – Assignment Example Review statistics: Response to questions Significance of having at least interval level data Interval level of data is desirable because of its equidistance property that facilitates analysis. It is particularly important in inferential analysis in which difference between data values is the center of focus (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Reasons for preference of the mean as a measure for central tendencyOne of the reasons for which the mean is preferred as a measure of central tendency is its incorporation of all data to be represented that meets the need of a central measure. This is contrary to other measures of central tendency that do not consider magnitudes of every data in a data set. The mean is also preferred because of its close relation to measures of dispersion such as standard deviation (Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Reasons for instability of the range as a measure of variabilityThe range is an unstable measure of variability because it only considers the minimum and th e maximum values. This defines its suitability to measuring variability of the extremes but not the other values in between (Wood and Haber, 2013; Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Intended descriptions of measures of variabilityMeasures of dispersion are intended for describing variation in a data set, describing reliability of the mean, and describing difference in trend between two or more data sets through exploration of variability in distribution of data (Wood and Haber, 2013; Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). Factors to consider when determining level of significance in hypothesis testingImportant factors to consider when determining level of significance is the standard error, sample size, variance, and the nature of the test, whether it is a one tailed test or a two tailed test, because the factors have direct effects on significance of a test (Wood and Haber, 2013; Gravetter and Wallnau, 2011). ReferenceGravetter, F. and Wallnau, L. (2011). Essentials of statistics for the behavio ural science. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Wood, G. and Haber, J. (2013). Nursing research: Methods and critical appraisal of evidence-based practice. Boston, MA: Elsevier Science Health Science Division.

Information Processing Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Information Processing Theory - Research Paper Example   Therefore, the system of information processing of a person may be advanced when rules and preceptors are altered. This theory is, therefore, a system of theoretical frameworks addressing how information is received, thought about, modified mentally and remembered, and the manner in which such process of cognitive changes in the course of development. The theory involves components such as working memory, sensory register, and long-term memory. New information is received by the sensory register, processed at the working memory, and transferred to long-term memory. In his article, Thadani refers to these components as rehearsal, attention, and elaboration. Without these factors, people will not be able to understand, perceive, use and remember anything got every day.The information processing model follows a fixed structure of components as mentioned in the above paragraph. The structure of the model is as follows:†¢ The store model: this states that any information received can be kept at any unit of processing or channels it goes through. These channels are short term memory, sensory register and long-term memory.†¢ The sensory register: this makes part of the unit of mental processing receiving all information which is then stored permanently or temporarily.†¢ Short-term memory: this is a part of sensory register in which information can be temporarily stored. The information is then transferred to long-term memory once a decision has been made concerning such information. Long term memory: this is where information is stored permanently. Such information can be recovered as need arises. The use and application of information processing theory is something seen in our daily learning. The use and application of this theory can be explained as follows; at any given point when people perceive information, encode, store, retrieve, or represent information, it’s taken as thinking. Where a dilemma or problem arises, people must always encode critical information on the dilemma and then the stored information can be used in solving the dilemma. The steps involved include encoding, automization, strategy construction and

Business strategic management report of Ford Company Assignment

Business strategic management report of Ford Company - Assignment Example It has the legacy of providing cost effective cars along with the rapid technological change, proving to be the smartest among its competitors in the industry. Recent developments by Ford include the invasion of electrical cars in enormous amount in to the U.S consumer market. (Gomes, Donnelley & Collis, 2010) reports that the great recession of 2008 affected the automobile sector badly as the sales dropped down tremendously. The big guns in the industry were financially disturbed by the recession as loss reached new paramounts. Till the June of 2009, Ford was the only company left of Detroit’s â€Å"Big Three† which didn’t faced bankruptcy. General Motor and Chrysler were bankrupt and their borrowings from the financial sector increased. Ford was able to survive due to some active decisions made by the financial officer and the operational management team. However Ford faced a loss of $14.7 billion in 2008. The major cause of this downfall was the elimination of stockholders which pushed the company to this tragic fall. This report has examined all the chief causes of the catastrophic scenario prevailed in the automobile sector. What sort of political, economic, social and technological barriers were there in the industry and how companies indulged those? Determining the industry as a whole, what are the opportunities, threats and most important competitors of Ford; how they have challenged company’s repute and what steps should have taken by Ford. Also discussing the core competencies of the company, how do they actively utilize their resources, capabilities and what are its core competencies. Exploratron of the business level strategy; with the corporate level strategy plus making strategic plan of the company for the next five years are the major parts of this research work. PEST Analysis PEST Analysis is a vital tool for analyzing the market position of a firm. Political, economic, societal and technological factors are discusse d for understanding the standing of a company. Applying this tool to Ford presents the following picture: Political Factors: Ford along with other automobile companies was in turmoil due to the bad economic scenario of the country. After the Presidential elections of 2008, Obama Government started operating on January 1st, 2009 and encouraged people to purchase new cars and old ones were scrapped. The enforcement of this order was a beginning of a new sun for the automobile sector as people had to purchase new cars. The old cars were scrapped and this political decision thus really helped Ford too. The first quarter of 2009 brought good news for the company as Ford only had $1.4 billion loss in that tenure. These were promising figures because last year Ford faced mammoth loss of $14.7 billion. Hence the political decision of newly established government was appreciated among the automobile industry (Gomes, Donnelley & Collis, 2010). Economic Factors: Ford was the survivors of bankr uptcy so they had to utilize their finances very carefully. The economic factors suggested that now revival of the economy will start very soon. The Chief Financial officer of Ford estimated that breakeven would be achieved in 2011. The economic and

Development and Globalisation Essay Example for Free

Development and Globalisation Essay GDP- Gross Domestic Product – the value of all the goods and services produced in a country in a year, in $US, usually expressed as â€Å"per capita† (per person). PPP (purchasing power parity)* figures are more useful. *Adjusted for loss of living GNP- The total value of goods and services produced by one country in a year, plus all net income earned from overseas sources, in $US. HDI- Human Development Index: It is a summary composite index that measures a country’s average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Life Expectancy †¢ Literacy Rate †¢ Standard of Living (measured in GDP per capita) It gives a more complete picture of development of a country than GDP alone as it considers social factors and not just economic factors. Development Continuum Originally there were three groupings that made up the development continuum, they were: †¢ First World (those developed countries that had a democratic government and a strong economy) †¢ Second World (communist countries) †¢ Third World (UN developed countries) However as time has gone on newer economies have started to develop caused by different development patterns and speeds. The Development gap †¢ The gap between rich and poor countries †¢ Most commonly, the gap is thought of in terms of income/economics †¢ It also social, environmental and even political aspects There was a suggested North/South divide originating from the Brandt report in 1980, where the north accounted for 80% of GDP but only 20% of the population; however this too requires some artistic licence and is a very general way of dividing countries. There are more accurate ways of grouping countries as listed below and as countries move through the development continuum countries pass from one category to another: †¢ Developed (MDC’s – the most well developed countries eg. UK) †¢ Developing (Countries which are undergoing development – arguably they all are. Eg. Malaysia) †¢ LDC’s (Least Developed Countries – eg. Ethiopia) †¢ NIC’s (Newly Industrialised Countries – Have just finished development (10 years or so) Eg. China) †¢ RIC’s (Recently Industrialised Countries – Further behind than the NIC’s eg. Dubai) Centrally Planned Economies (The few remaining communist countries eg. North Korea) †¢ Oil Rich Countries (Countries rich in oil eg. Saudi Arabia) Causes for the Development Gap †¢ Colonialisation – colonial powers took resources from poorer countries †¢ Price of commodities is often controlled by TNCs ensurin g high profits for MEDC firms and low prices paid to LEDC producers – Fair trade set up in reaction to this. †¢ LEDCs are now primary producers – producing low cost commodities, e. g. bananas †¢ Primary commodities have fallen in price, or stayed steady, while commodities they need has increased, e. . oil What is preventing the Development gap from closing? †¢ Many LEDCs main industry is as primary producers – generally low profit †¢ Internatnioal trade dominated by TNCs †¢ Rapid The Asian Tigers Who or what are the Asian Tigers? Asian economies that have progressed economically at such substantial rates that have come to rival the earning capacity and quality of living of those being first-world countries – Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea. Globalisation Globalisation: The increased inter-connection in the world’s economic, cultural and political systems. Positives |Negatives | |Allowed the movement of people m ore easily |Uncontrolled migration | |Increased foreign trade |Inequality in wealth | |More access to food, services, healthcare etc. ll over the world |Heavy environmental cost | | |Loss of countries individual cultures, global cutters | †¢ Globalisation began in the 19th century as there was the beginning of movement of people and goods; †¢ Increase in independence †¢ Increase in trade as well as the spread of industry †¢ Beginning of Trans National Corporations. Globalisation continued in the 20th century and was shaped by a number of factors including: 1. Emergence of free markets (capitalist economy) 2. Deregulation of world financial markets 3. The establishment of the General Agreements of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) –the WTO which sought to lower trade barriers. 4. The emergence of trade blocs 5. The establishment of the IMF and the World Bank 6. Development of global marketing and the continuing rise of TNCs. Flows †¢ Capital o ICT allows cheap, reliable and almost instantaneous communication o Allows sharing information o Allows transfer of capital o Allows Marketing around the world †¢ Labour o Improved transport for people Size of air craft o Low cost airlines o High speed rail links o Specialised workers- doctors, ICT etc. o Unskilled workers †¢ Products and services o Integrated networks o Goods handling o Computing logistics o Container revolution o Improved transport for goods o Global marketing, the world as one market and create products that fit various regional market places e. g. coca-cola and McDon alds Patterns of production, distribution and consumption Manufacturing has gone from developed countries to lower wage economies. This is known as the GLOBAL SHIFT, which is brought about by FDI by TNCs. Many LEDC’S have benefited from the transfer of technology which has meant these countries can raise their productivity without raising their wages to the level of the developed countries. This has lead to the de-industrialisation of richer countries and the focus on tertiary and quaternary industry. There has also been outsourcing of service operations, such as call centres, Mumbai, this extends the influence on a global scale also the employment costs are a lot lower even though there is a highly educated workforce. Positive and negatives of the global shift Positives for MEDCs |Negatives for MEDCs | |Movement of polluting industries away from their country |Could lead to wide spread unemployment | |Growth in LEDC’s may lead to demand for exports from MEDCs |Loss of skills | |Cheaper imports can keep the cost of living down benefiting the retail |Negative multiplier effect | |sector |Large gap between skilled and unskilled workers who may experience | |Labour market f lexibility and efficiency |extreme redeployment differences | |Development of new technologies leading to investment |deindustrialisation of some areas, such as the North | |Help to reduce inflation | | |Positives for LEDCs and NICs |Negatives for LEDCs | |Development of new industries Rapid urbanisation and rural-urban migration | |Increased employment |Westernised approach to economy | |Helps to reduce development gap |Increased environmental damage die to polluting industries | |Increased FDI and investment which can lead to improved services such as |Exploitation of labour | |infrastructure, health care and education |Disruptive social impacts | |Increased exports helps BoPs, and increases income and GDP |Over-dependant on one industry | |New technologies |Destabilises food supplies, less agriculture | | |Health and safety issues because of tax legislation | Patterns of production and processes In manufacturing there has been a global shift of marketing from MDC’s to LDCà ¢â‚¬â„¢s. This leads to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) by the TNC’s. This has led to the de-industrialization of MDC’s but means that they can also be more productive due to the transfer of technology. Newly Industrialised Countries (NIC’s) First Phase †¢ Asian Tigers (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore) started to appear in the 1960’s, as developed countries looked at their less developed neighbours †¢ Rapid industrialisation due to the increased spread of TNC’s. †¢ They share similar characteristics which allowed for such industrialisation: – Large populations – Well educated populations – Culture – work ethic – Less rigid laws on health and safety – Government support through loans and grants Rely less on foreign support and set up their own businesses such as the Chaebols in South Korea, comprising of companies such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai †¢ This has now become a multinational an d located in several different countries. Second Phase †¢ As wage prices increased in the primary TNC’s (The Asian Tigers) †¢ Countries that could offer lower wage prices such as Malaysia, Indonesia, The Philippines and Thailand, Mexico and Brazil Third Phase †¢ China and India, Turkey, South Africa and the Philippines †¢ China has seen the fastest rate of economic growth of any country †¢ India’s industry is heavily based around services – which accounted for 50% of its total GDP. †¢ New TNCs are now being set up in Indian such as Infosys, Bangalore. Positives of India |Constraints of India | |Large English speaking population |Other countries are beginning to compete | |Costs 37% lower than China |Negative reaction in MEDCs | |Costs 17% lower than Malaysia |Rising wage rates | |Professional salaries ? of UK and USA |High cost of training | |Low telecommunication costs |Negative impacts on quality | |24 hour working to fit with tim e differences |Corruption and bankruptcy | |Huge labor force for labor intensive jobs e. g. all centers |Command economy, governemtn speding on subsidies rather than investment | |IT college graduates, 2 million/year |Infrastructure beyond major cities is poor | | |Literacy only 61% | Growth in the 21st Century Emerging Economies account for 70% of the global population, countries including the BRICs (Brazil, Russia India and China) as well as countries such as the UAE and South Africa. The increase has been due to: †¢ Raise living standards †¢ Increase opportunities for the population †¢ Increase FDI †¢ Become more of a world player with market to an international standard Countries at very low levels of economic development LDCs †¢ The countries were outlined by the United Nations and of the top 50 33 are in Sub-Saharan Africa. They are defined by the following: – Low incomes ($800 GDP per capita over 3 years) Human resource weakness, nutrition, hea lth, education and literacy – Economic vulnerability shown by signs of dependency on one industry †¢ Many of them suffer from widespread conflict, disease, geographical disadvantages, urbanisation and fast urban growth (demographically speaking). Quality of Life †¢ Most of the population cannot afford basic immunities †¢ Resources of such countries are not evenly distributed. †¢ Attempts to reduce poverty †¢ High population growth rate means that numbers living in extreme poverty are increasing. †¢ Many of these countries depend on FDI Debt †¢ From the 1970’s onwards some countries found themselves in a debt crisis because the borrowed large amounts from the developed world. For many countries at low levels of economic development that breaking free of poverty can only ever be a vision. †¢ There are certain policies being put in place by the IMF and the World Bank to help free the HIPCs †¢ They have provided debt relief and interest free loans. †¢ SAPs Structural adjustment programmes o Government spending cutbacks to fund debt repayments o Mexico was the first country o 3 main aims:- ? Promote exports- integration and liberalisation ? Reduce government spending- privatisation and cutting costs ? Encourage foreign investment o Both intermediate and poor countries have had SAPs applied o Some success but SAPs could make matters worse especially for the poorest people because:- Loss of credit and subsidies from the government ? Food production falling ? Devaluation of currency leads to dramatic rises in prices ? Less spending on health and education by government †¢ Another scheme, the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) †¢ Aimed to cancel the debt of the HIPCs †¢ per capita income US$380 a year or less would be eligible for MDRI debt relief from the IMFs resources Social Problems †¢ Lack of income, healthcare, education, sanitation etc. †¢ The Millennium Development Goals were set up specifically to help countries out of the cycle of poverty however they don’t look well to be completed in 2015 (the original target). Global, Social and Economic Groupings Trade Bloc is a group of nations who have joined to stimulate trade and benefit from economic cooperation. The countries involved agree to free trade between them but impose tariffs on goods from countries outside the bloc. Made for a variety of reasons: †¢ To further socio-economic development †¢ To increase alliances and trade †¢ To allow free movement †¢ To prevent war Types of groupings include:- †¢ Free trade areas- tariffs and quotas are reduced on goods between members and restrictions are put in place for goods coming in to the area e. g. NAFTA †¢ Customs unions- tariff on imports from outside the group e. g. Mercosur †¢ Common Markets- like customs unions but with greater freedom of movement of labour and capital, e. g. previously EU, current example East African Common Market †¢ Economic Unions-all of the above as well as member states are also required to adopt common polices in areas such as agriculture (CAP) fisheries, transport, pollution (Kyoto agreement), industry, energy and regional development e. g. EU Positives and negatives of trade blocs |Positives |Negatives | |Greater chance of peace between member nations. Having to share economic resources | |Faster and smoother economic development |Many countries will have to pay a large sum of money regularly to be in a | |Trade barriers removed |trade bloc | |Higher standard of living. |Elites can hold a disproportionate amount of power. | |Certain areas of a national economy can be supported – eg. Agriculture |If one courty falls in to ecomic crisis the rest of the member states are | |through the CAP. |effected | | People seeking work can move between member states– EU. Non-member states badly affected, lack of trade | |Possibility of a common currency- Euro |Loss of sovereignty | |Greater political influence |Loss of some finacail controls e. g. European central bank | |If countries become indebted member states can help bail out, Greece, | | |Ireland. | | Aspects of globalisation TNCs Transnational Corporations are companies that operate in over two countries – usually having their research and headquarters in the country of origin and locating the manufacturing plants overseas. As an organisation becomes more global, regional RD and headquarters will develop. TNCs can be split in to three different groups according to what industry they are:- †¢ Resource extraction o Mining, gas extraction and oil producing o ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell and BP †¢ Manufacturing o High-tech ? Computers, microelectronics, pharmaceuticals ? Hewlett Packard, GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca o Consumer goods ? Motor vehicles, televisions and other electrical goods Many of these are assembly industries ? Ford, General Motors, BMW, Sony o Mass produced consumer goods ? Cigarettes, drinks, breakfast cereals, cosmetics and toiletries ? Coca-Cola, Kelloggs, Unilever, Heinz †¢ Service operations o Banking/insurance, advertising, freight transport, hotel chains, fast fo od outlets, retailers o Barclays, AXA, McDonalds and Tesco Growth of TNCs Why do TNCs expand to different countries? †¢ Larger populations with cheaper Labour Costs †¢ Better government policies such as grants, lower taxes and subsidies †¢ Less stringent rules on employment and pollution †¢ Fewer restrictions due to trade barriers †¢ Greater supply of raw materials To take advantage of trade within trade blocs †¢ Allowing them to grow thereby achieving economies of scale, reducing costs, finance new investment and compete in global markets †¢ Allow them to set up in markets that they want to sell in †¢ To acquire geographical flexibility so that they can shift resources and production between locations to maximise profits To serve a global market, TNCs may globalise production by:- †¢ Produce for the market in which the plant is situated †¢ Use one plant to produce for a number of countries †¢ Use integrated production †¢ S ource parts in places where they assemble their products close to the market, GLOCALISATION Impacts of TNCs on a host country Positive Impacts |Negative Impacts | |Employment |Competition | |Injection of capital into the economy |Adverse effects on local companies which might not be as efficient | |More disposable income will create a demand for more |Environmental concerns | |housing, transport and local services |Less stringent pollution laws so more pollution allowed | |Multiplier Effect |Labour exploitation | |Investment by a TNC can trigger more employment by |Exploit cheap, flexiable, non-unionised labour forces in developing countries | |cumulative causation bringing greater wealth to the |Minimum age | |area |Urbanisation | |New working methods |Factories built in major urban centres leads to younger workers migration to the area | |Transfer of technology will create a more skilled |Negative effects on the rural areas | |workforce. |Removal of capital | |JIT developed |Profi t back to country of origin | |Escape Tariffs/trade barriers e. g. Nissan in |Outside decision making | |Sunderland |Plans effecting the development of plants are made in host country to boost profitability | |To take advantage of government incentives, subsides,|Little consiereation for local people | |EPZs (export processing zones) etc. |Dependancy on TNC | |Lower costs – especially labor |More westerniese approach to life | |To reach foreign markets more effectively | | |To exploit mineral and other resources | | Development Issues within the world Trade vs Aid Trade is deemed as the more sustainable path out of the two to economic development as it helps to promote the growth in the volume and value of goods, leading to jobs and greater incomes, some of this income will help to generate domestic demand leading to investment and the multiplier effect. This will also lead to rising living standards and gaining of skills by local people However it relies on three factors: †¢ Adoption of capitalism †¢ Economic growth to ‘trickle don’ so everyone benefits †¢ Promotion of free trade This is a similar path that was taken by the MDCs and more recently the NICs. However many of these NICs had largely stable governments, a well educated workforce and they employed protectionist policies to stimulate growth e. g. tariffs and import quotas. However there are still problems with trade for a variety of reasons: They cannot be competitive in world markets as they need to invest in equipment, technology and training to make bus iness productive and then infrastructure etc. †¢ Schemes like the CAP undercut mainly agriculturally based LDCs †¢ Wealth does not always trickle down to those who need it, like aid. †¢ Debts mean they would have to make millions before they made profit and due to the cuts imposed by the World Bank and IMF it often means there are public spending cuts especially on health care and education Aid can be either: 1. Bilateral – from government to government. 2. Multilateral – Where collective governments donate to an organisation (such as the World bank) who the distributes it to suffering countries. 3. Voluntary – Where small NGOs send workers to help. NGOs such as Oxfam Aid is not always in the form of money sometimes it is in the form of goods or technical assistance. There are also several ways aid can be delivered †¢ Tied aid o Will limit the power of nations and may eventually cause resentment †¢ Short-term aid o Usually following an emergency such as earthquakes or tsunamis o This can be help with rescue operations o Medical supplies, shelter, food and water †¢ Long-term development projects o Improving food availability and farming methods o Helping to provide improved shelter o Health care and education o Developing better livelihoods and improving income o CAFOD, Catholic Agency For Overseas Development †¢ Top down aid Throwing’ money at a country and allowing them to get on with it. o It usually focuses on large scale, expensive projects which are unsuitable for the local community. , such as HEP projects e. g. Nepal o It often doesn’t go to the people who need it most o Usually tied †¢ Bottom up o Mor e helpful to the local community however still bring their problems. o Small scale o Treat the individuals as individuals with creativity and intelligence o They work with people to create what the community most needs and supply the materials o They can undercut local business. However aid is not perfect and may critics say:- †¢ Aid does not reach those who need it the most, it is kept at the top by the government Aid is often used ineffectively on large scale, expensive projects which are often left uncompleted †¢ Sometimes countries don’t even have the correct infrastructure to use the aid effectively †¢ Dependency can be created which is often not sustainable is aid is a large proportion of national income †¢ Tied aid comes with strings attached, in some cases with every dollar given in aid $7 is given in return Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability ‘Development that meets the needs of today without compromising the needs of tomorrow’ This would be achieved by †¢ Human potential being improved †¢ The environment is used and managed to supply people on a long-term basis †¢ Implies social justice as well as long term environmental sustainability The capacity of the environment to provide resources and absorb increasing levels of pollution is the critical threshold controlling how far population can increase and economies expand sustainably The Rio Earth summit set out the following points for each aspect of sustainability. Environmental Principles: †¢ People should be at the centre of concerns †¢ States have the right to exploit their own environment but should not damage that of others †¢ Protecting the environment is integral to development †¢ People should be informed of projections for the future as well as the current environmental situation †¢ There should be environmental legislation and standards within states †¢ Laws should be enacted regarding liability for pol lution †¢ The movement of substances that are harmful to others should be restricted States should warn neighbours of any environmental unease †¢ EIAs (Environmental Impact Assessments) should be carried out on all major plans Economic Principles: †¢ The right to development must be fulfilled so as to meet development and environmental needs of present and future generations †¢ States should work together to eradicate poverty in order to decrease disparities in living standards †¢ The needs of the poorest countries should be put first †¢ Unsustainable production and consumption patterns should be eliminated †¢ States should cooperate to restore the earth’s ecosystem †¢ Scientific information and innovative technologies should be transferred to improve understanding States should support an open economic system, with few trade barriers and tariffs †¢ National authorities should endeavour to promote the internationalism of environmen tal costs, taking into account that the polluter should pay For anything to be effective it must strike the right balance between the three core principles – economic, social and environmental. Sustainable tourism myth or reality? As tourism is an increasingly expanding, billion dollar industry, it has increasingly been looked at to become more sustainable. Up until now it has followed this pattern: †¢ The environment attracts tourists for its attractions †¢ The money spent should help to maintain these features However as tourist flows increase it starts to do more harm than good, particularly to small areas which can’t deal with the massive influx, this can lead to the destruction of farm land to golf courses, and destroying natural habitats such as coral reefs, destroyed by water sports ,e. g. Philippines . Sustainable tourism ‘seeks not to destroy what it sets out to explore’ It attempts to make sure that: †¢ It preserves natural resources for future generations. †¢ The local communities and their culture are recognised as the most important in the tourist sector †¢ Economic benefits of tourism must partly go to those who are local to the area †¢ Everything is guided by the wishes of local people and communities At the Rio Earth Summit an environmental checklist was drawn up to show how the tourism industry could become more sustainable, these included: †¢ Waste minimisation, land use, re-use and recycling Energy efficiency, conservation and m anagement †¢ Transport †¢ Water (freshwater and waste) †¢ Land use planning and management †¢ Involvement of all stakeholders in the planning †¢ Involvement of staff, customers and communities in environmental issues Sustainable tourism is an industry committed to making a low impact on the natural environment and local culture, while helping to generate income and employment for local people. Tourist can help by: †¢ Being informed of the local culture, politics and economy †¢ Respecting local cultures †¢ Contributing to local cultures and tolerance †¢ Supporting local businesses and traditional values †¢ Use the least amount of local resources Ecotourism Is one of the fastest growing sectors within tourism †¢ An economic process by which rare and beautiful ecosystems and cultural attractions are marketed internationally to attract tourists †¢ Planning and management is an important factor o Capacity is managed o Encourages conservation, by educating local people and tourists o Focuses on the environment †¢ Criticised for being ‘egotourism’ in some cases. Sustainable ecotourism must : o Have a limit to the number of visitors to sustain the environment o Set up and run in cooperation with local people Case Studies Measuring Development- HDI HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index)+ 1/3 (GDP index) Advantages |Disadvantages | |Political competitiveness |Does not take into account poverty | |More factors and reliable ones |PPP values change very quickly, inaccurate or misleading. | |Easy and cheap to collect data |Little sense of income distribution | |Sign of welfare in the future, improving health and education, |Quality of life does not seem to be that closely linked | |supply-side policies which can indicate the long-term patterns of AS |Doesn’t take account like war or political oppression. | |curve |Based on normative economics. |The success of government p olicy |Other measures such as access to internet might be more important. | |Easily comparable to other countries |Changes over time ceteris paribus | Comparing 2 countries, Nepal and the UK |Measure |UK |Nepal | |HDI |28/187 |157/187 | |Life expectancy |80. |68. 8 | |Expected years of schooling |16. 1 |8. 8 | |GNI per capita, PPP adjusted |33,296 |1,160 | |Pop. Living on $1. 25 per day % |0 |78. 1 | |Population with at least secondary education , female : |1. 015 |0. 48 | |male | | | |Sustainability, Change in forest area (%) |9. 8 |-24. 5 | |% of population living in urban areas |79. 8 |19. 2 | Sub Saharan Africa – A country at low levels of economic development †¢ Sub Saharan Africa contains many countries with the lowest HDI ranking in the world. †¢ Many hold backs from development including war, disease, famine, debt, lack of infrastructure etc. They need large amounts of FDI that will not leave them in a worse situation than when they started. †¢ HDI, lo west ranked are Mali, Sierra Leone and Niger (all with an average of 0. 33) †¢ The top, ranked 119th and 120th in the world were Gabon and South Africa. TNC-Barbie in Taiwan -global shift of manufacturing †¢ Barbie, an American company Mattel , was produced a Japan in 1959 †¢ Has seen a global shift in manufacturing since it started. †¢ They moved to Taiwan in the 1960’s to take advantage of cheap labour costs and increased scale of production. †¢ At its peak Taiwan alone made more than 50% of all Barbie dolls in the world. †¢ Within 20 years Taiwan’s incomes began to rise which then led to Barbie moving somewhere else Mattel opened its first factory in China in 1987, wage prices were much lower and gradually production was mover there. †¢ Today Mattel produces Barbie’s in China, Indonesia and Malaysia – taking advantage of the second stage of NICs, the Tiger Cubs. Taiwan has further benefited from globalisation, as it i s now home to companies that manufacture most computers and MP3 players such as BenQ TNC-Coca Cola – Global Marketing †¢ A company with a single product in which minor elements are tweaked for a different market. †¢ The company uses the same formulas, one with sugar and one with Corn Syrup for different markets. †¢ The bottle design is the same and is regulated depending on different countries standards. The only countries in the world that do not sell Coca Cola are Iceland, North Korea, and Antarctica. †¢ It is not sold in Iceland because all bottles must be the same shape as there is a large recycling project and coca cola refuse to change the shape of their bottle as it is part of their brand †¢ Labour costs may be lower in some countries, especially LEDC countries. Low labour costs = higher profits †¢ Legislation on working conditions, workers’ rights, health and safety, and the environment may be less strict in some countries. Relaxed legislation = lower overheads = more profit. †¢ Some countries may try to encourage multinationals to invest in their countries by offering lower tax rates and financial incentives. More favourable taxation = lower overheads = more profits. Unilever †¢ Unilever is a very widespread (branches in 90 countries) – include most countries in N ; S America, Europe, Australasia, Russia, China, India, a number of African countries = MEDCs, NICs and some LEDCs †¢ Sales also very widespread: A lot of African countries (many LEDCs and LLEDCs), Greenland, some countries which were part of the old Soviet Union (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikstan) †¢ Very few countries where Unilever has no presence Asian Tiger- South Korea †¢ 13th largest economy †¢ Strong government †¢ Highly skilled and motivated workforce †¢ Large amounts of trade with a positive BoP Problems †¢ Move to democracy takes time †¢ Large aging population †¢ Unequal pay for women and poor working conditions for 52 hours a week †¢ Pollution with poor construction in infrastructure, roads and sewage BRIC economies It is said that these countries will be dominant by 2050, these brick economies, don’t just rely on export industries like the 1st generation NIC’s. Brazil emerging economy †¢ President Lula, who began in 2003 took the economy out of dept and is now a stable country †¢ Generates $1. 5 trillion GDP/year †¢ Reliable power, with sustainable sources, such as hydro electric power, sugar cane, bio fuels, sustainable in own Tupi oil fields FDI is the 4th largest in the world, $45 billion each year †¢ Very easy to communicate with †¢ Emerging middle class †¢ Good highly skilled work force However there are some areas where Brazil will need to improve if its development is to continue being sustainable:- â € ¢ Will become a increasingly aging population †¢ Destruction of the rainforest †¢ Increasing cost of manufacturing †¢ Poor infrastructure †¢ Unequal society †¢ Slow national growth †¢ Increased crime and corruption †¢ 25% of the population live in poverty, favelas, Sao Paulo China – Third Stage of NIC Development †¢ In 1978 China began to follow the path of development of the Asian Tigers through an export driven road to development. Communist control was relaxed to allow this to do so. †¢ Foreign investment and joint ventures was encouraged. †¢ The internationalisation of the Chinese economy is also called the GUANXI NETWORK referring to the connections that exist between Chinese people and companies scattered all around the world †¢ In order to attract foreign industry in SE China, 14 ‘open’ coastal cities and 5 Special Economic Zones were set up. †¢ They allow tax grants which would give more prof it and were in favourable locations, geographically, to work. †¢ Labour was 80% cheaper in these areas †¢ There was a large amount of FDI for the bulk of the 21st Century †¢ Receiving up to $50 million per year. In 2006 they received $63 billion, their highest recorded figure. †¢ Sustained growth of up to 10% – one of the highest in the world. †¢ China became part of the WTO meaning that trade went from just over $250 billion to just under $1 trillion, almost quadrupling as they got greater access to global markets. Problems: †¢ Dramatic gap between rich and poor †¢ Huge rural/urban migration has left thousands in the countryside isolated as well as a decrease in agriculture meaning that poverty and famine has spread. †¢ Deterioration of environment and use of natural resources †¢ Dependent on the economy of the buyer †¢ Putting other populations before their own †¢ Development of two Chinas, east and west Chongqing –largest urban industrial city in the south-western part of china, 32 million people – A major focus on migration and of the western development policy – South of the Gorges Dam – Population grows by 500,000 people a year – Chicago of china – Heavy industry dominates – Large pollution problems, air sewage – 2000 tonnes of waste a day India – NIC driven by services Many people think that the Indian service sector is driven by call centres; however its involvement in the service sector it accounts for 50% of GDP as there is a high population of skilled workers. Software and IT companies have been attracted to India because:- †¢ Second-largest English speaking human resource in the world Investment friendly and supportive government politics †¢ Good infrastructure for power, transport and data communication †¢ World’s third largest brain bank †¢ Stable democratic with over 50 year of inde pendence †¢ Large market size †¢ Investment and tax incentives for exports in certain sectors such as electronics, telecom, software and R;D The UK and USA has fuelled the service sector in India as Indians migrated to gain skills which they would take back to their home country. Such skills were used to set up companies like Infosys which is now a TNC based in Bangalore. Bangalore has become the centre of ICT because:- †¢ First state to set up engineering collages First t set up a technology university †¢ Grants and tax incentives for the IT industry †¢ 1991 software technology park was built †¢ Now over 6 technology parks Infosys one of the largest software companies in India †¢ Founded in 1981 and had first foreign clients by 1987 †¢ Overseas offices in Boston and in MK †¢ 455 of workforce based in Bangalore Growth in the 21st century Dubai – An RIC †¢ Dubai is located in the United Arab Emirates †¢ Globally central as it is half way between London and Sigapore †¢ Fastest growing economy †¢ Its economy boomed upon the discovery of oil in the 1960’s. †¢ There was a growth of 300% between 1968 and 1975. †¢ There was rapid immigration. To make itself less dependent on oil, Dubai invested in new infrastructure which attracted FDI and now Dubai’s economy is heavily based around tourism as well as banking †¢ Oil and Gas currently occupy less than 5%. †¢ Borrowed money to fund many projects †¢ One of the country’s most effected by 2008 market crash, massive inflation problems †¢ Chinese and Indian banks brought a lot of Dubai’s debts Social problems †¢ Vast numbers of immigrants †¢ Poor working conditions, 20 hour day in some cases, because people took out loans to get to Dubai, and now due to little work they have to work all hours to get as much money as they can †¢ Live in poor conditions in tent cities out of the actu al city †¢ Passports are taken by employers on arrival Environmental problems †¢ High electricity cost and rising carbon emissions Sewage because there is not enough water, as the city is in a desert, water is more expensive than oil †¢ Nuclear waste †¢ Adu Dhabi, must look to help out by providing solar energy Countries facing low levels of economic development Nepal– †¢ One of the poorest countries in the world – 157/177 in HDI †¢ Its GDP per capita is also one of the lowest at $1,049 †¢ Shortage of energy, supplies †¢ Little money to spend on development †¢ Due to relief little transport infrastructure, remote communities †¢ Mainly subsistence farming and tourism †¢ 78. 1% of the population live on less than $1. 25 a day †¢ Little education and health care provisions HIPC- Tanzania †¢ 40% of the population live below the poverty line †¢ HDI is ranked 152 Life expectancy is 58. 2 †¢ Annual GDP per capita is $800 †¢ 75% of employment is based on agriculture †¢ Literacy rate is 64% Reasons for poverty †¢ Topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 4% of the land area †¢ Industry- mainly limited to agricultural products and light consumer goods †¢ Dependant on agriculture which accounts for half of GDP †¢ Products include coffee, cotton, tea, tobacco, cashews and sisal which are highly competitive and have falling prices †¢ Tourism is booming especially in the National Parks Attempts to help †¢ Government: a national poverty eradicated strategy- to reduce abject poverty 50% by 2010 The World Bank, IMF and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania’s deteriorated economic infrastructure †¢ Structural Adjustment Policies, SAP’s, poverty reduction strategy papers †¢ â€Å"Vision 2025† programme set the goals of a high quality of livelihood by year 2025; peace, stabi lity and unity; a well educated society and a competitive economy based on sustainable growth and equity †¢ UN MDGs The results of attempts to help Tanzania †¢ Not improved quality of life †¢ Income and welfare indicators fell †¢ Even more dependent on foreign aid †¢ Increased environmental damage †¢ Pick up in industrial practice including gold and natural gas †¢ Increase private sector growth Recent debt relief in Tanzania One of the poorest countries in Africa even though it had some of its international debt written off †¢ $3 billion will be discounted over the next 20 years †¢ Tanzania’s total international borrowings of more than $7 billion Socio-Economic Groupings NAFTA †¢ USA, Canada, Mexico †¢ Set up in 1994 †¢ Aims – To eliminate trade tariffs between the three countries, pushed by the establishment of other socio-economic groupings like the EU. Mexico saw it as the best option as it had built up deb t in previous years. |Pros |Cons | |Trade between member countries tripled in the first 13 years. Canada has been affected by the US increase | |Increased employment in the USA as manufacturing grew |Some US jobs have been lost as the plants have moved to Mexico | |Mexico got increased FDI as other countries wanted to locate inside |Dumping in Mexico | |NAFTA. |Mexico is being exploited because o less rigid pollution laws which | | |affects surrounding countries | EU 27 member states, set up in 1957 as the European Economic Community Aims – †¢ Promote social and economic progress amongst member states †¢ Have more government influence †¢ Introduce EU citizenship †¢ Prevent war †¢ Create better laws Positive impacts |Negative impacts | |Group activity on waste, pollution control and climate change |Loss of sovereignty over some decisions | |Common currency |Greece and Spain situation | |Large labour market due to ease of movement |Sharing fishing groun ds | |CAP support |Power of elite | |Peace in EU |Small areas fell isolated | Unilever– TNC †¢ Set up in 1890 by William Hesker Lever, who owned a soap company which revolutionised Victorian hygiene †¢ Unilever was formed by the merger of the Dutch margarine producer ‘Margarine Unie’ as they had the common raw material palm oil †¢ In 1937 Lipton tea was acquired and in 1957 birds eye joined Colworth House facility near Sharnbrook continued research efforts in food preservation, animal nutrition and health problems associated with toothpaste, shampoo and other personal products. It is one of several R ; D centres †¢ In 2008, the companies had over 300 manufacturing sites in more than 100 countries across every continent †¢ Unilever employs over 170,000 people and has annual company revenue of over $50 billion in 2007. †¢ Unilever has had problems with animal testing, child labour and deforestation due to the use of palm oil CAFOD- lon g term and short term aid Aims are to promote long-term development; respond to emergencies; raise public awareness of the causes of poverty; speak out on behalf of poor communities; and promote social justice Long-term aid †¢ Improving food availability and farming methods †¢ Helping to provide improved shelter †¢ Health care and education †¢ Developing better livelihoods and improving income Short-term aid †¢ Provide aid to disaster stricken countries †¢ Set up temporary shelters for those left homeless Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa ; Goma), Ethiopia, Kenya Swaziland – top Down Aid †¢ Top down development is usually difficult as often hundreds of thousands of people’s needs need to be ‘catered for’ and it is difficult to satisfy everyone. †¢ The ideal goal is a communist state with a ‘one size fits all’ approach. †¢ Swaziland is in Southern Africa. It is ranked very low in the world for human development. †¢ Many individual concerns to deal with which weakened the country, AID’s, famine and drought. †¢ The number of orphans was increasing as the death rate did correspondingly. à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Several branches of the United Nations which were trying to help them such as the UN food programme, and a many NGO’s. †¢ They were distributing imported food to hundreds of thousands of people which was ultimately a good thing. †¢ However, the farmers of the local area were not able to sell the produce that they grew †¢ Therefore not able to take advantage of the wet season that blessed them. †¢ There was also a state of dependency Difficult to draw the line between those who should receive aid and those who did not. Other top down aid include large scale projects such as building dams and HEP stations like those proposed in Nepal, this can lead to the loss of valuable farm land and can limit the water downstream, leading to widespread droughts. Nepal, FoST – Bottom Up Aid †¢ Foundation of sustainable technologies †¢ Treats people as individuals with ideas and creativity. †¢ Due to the lack of energy in Nepal and the reliance on wood, leading to deforestation and help problems in the home due to the amounts of smoke †¢ Subsides the purchase of products including solar cookers and no-smoke indoor cookers Educates people on how to make briquettes, which produce no smoke from waste, to prevent deforestation †¢ However there are limited resources to make the solar cookers and there for they are limited and rely on donations †¢ Not every community has the money to buy the equipment or has access to finding out about products †¢ Not sustainable in the long run if the donations stop Overall top down and bottom up development are both ways of narrowing the development gap, the gap between rich and poor countries. Both, like anything in life have pros and cons however the possible way forward is through micro-credit loans which give people the credit and respect that they deserve. This creates a successful and sustainable way of life and helps to lift individuals out of poverty. Economic vs. Environmental Sustainability Holes bay |Economic |Environmental | |High unemployment especially in Hamworthy gate |Ramsar and SSSI sites rare birds and invertebrates | |30 Ha of unused land, power station site |2nd largest natural harbor in the world | |Poor access to Poole town centre | | The construction of the twin sails bridge Environment:- direct flow around the support pillars of the bridge causing deposition behind the pillars, †¢ May affect the tidal flats within holes bay, and Poole harbour †¢ Sediment becoming trapped within Holes bay building up the marshes †¢ Tidal salt marshes, to the build up of humus causing the build up of peat rising the level of the and creating fresh water marshes within Holes bay †¢ Poole harbours marshes could decrease in size †¢ Destroying many habitats for bird’s invertebrates and plants alike. Economi c:- †¢ Greatly over budget with its total cost coming in at over ? 37m †¢ Engineers spotted a large crack in the surface of the bridge making it unsuitable for use The development of the power station site will also cause an increase drain on local recourses such as schools and the area might not be able to cope, †¢ Increase the flow of traffic over the bridges. †¢ Not enough jobs generated in the area †¢ Increased population density and increased unemployment. †¢ Increased crime Brazil- Curitiba †¢ 2 million people in the population †¢ city wide service to recycle products †¢ Recycling and garbage system prevent waste issues, organic and nonorganic, with two different trucks for different types of rubbish †¢ The rubbish is sorted and distributed and reused this means that 2/3 of rubbish is recycled †¢ It also creates more jobs to help reduce unemployment Jaime Lerner, was an architect and later became mayor and designed the cur rent layout of Curitiba †¢ The city has changed from being an agricultural area to a more industrial city †¢ Flood problems have also been solved by building the parks on the flood plains and making artificial river banks around them this also prevents squatting and slums appearing in the parks †¢ Is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods †¢ The per capita income for the city is $ 17,977 Sustainable tourism Nepal – concentrated in certain areas such as Khumbu, Chitwan National Park, Annapurna National Park and the Sagarmartha National Park, The number of tourists increasing from 526,705 in 2007 to 710,547 in 2011, – Actions must be taken in order to preserve Nepal. – Problems with air pollution from the transport of tourists and fires getting trapped in the valleys due to the high mountains – Increased demand for water and food suppl ies, taking away goods from the locals – The same tracks are used by all of the tourists, erosion and destabilises the soil – Increased the risk of landslides. – Some tourists are also not respectful of people’s culture and the wildlife – Poor sewage disposal – Khumbu region problem with the amount of waste generated by trekking teams – 500kg per team all waste must be taken down the mountain rubbish there have been clean up operations carried out during training and acclimatisation time of people who wish to climb Mt. Everest †¢ for people to pay the Sherpa’s to carry down peoples rubbish †¢ Nepalese Government has begun charging deposits on tourists and are only returned if groups bring down their own rubbish †¢ Nepalese Government that they should limit the number of tourists †¢ Dismissed as it has been concluded that this will bring more harm than good, by limiting one of the country’s biggest ind ustries they could face increased widespread poverty. Kenya, Kigio Tourism is the 2nd largest contributor of GNP after agriculture. One example of where agriculture has been replaced by tourism is Kigio. Kigio Wildlife Conservancy is a 3,500-acre protected Conservancy †¢ 2 hours drive from Nairobi. †¢ Originally a cattle ranch, sold by the family to the local community who after a few years decided to forgo cattle ranching in favour of wildlife conservation. †¢ The community now receives a regular income †¢ Conservancy fee each guest pays helps towards the maintenance of the conservancy. †¢ Wide ranging habitats †¢ Many wild animals, honey badger, and over 200 bird species †¢ Protecting nearly 100 species of indigenous plant species which are being destroyed outside the conservancy. †¢ The Conservancy is at the forefront of ecotourism in the Rift Valley lakes area. Guests are encouraged to participate in low impact activities – o guided nature/bird walks, o cycling, fishing o Day or night game drives are conducted in open-sided 44 vehicles †¢ Lodges work closely with the local community and support several enterprises, schools and an orphanage. †¢ Guests can visit a group of widows that craft sisal baskets, a group that makes jewellery from recycled paper and a rug weaving factory. †¢ The lodges only sell what is made by the community and pay a fair price. †¢ A large percentage of the price is donated to the community fund. †¢ Every year, children from the local community and schools are invited to participate in ecotourism workshops †¢ To protect and improve their environment.